Gut microbiota in Mexican patients with common variable immunodeficiency

Introduction: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the main symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and is associated with complex immune disorders. Gut microbiota interacts closely with the immune system, and intestinal dysbiosis is related to multiple diseases. Objective: To describe for the first time the composition of gut microbiota in Mexican patients with CVID. Methods: Fecal samples from five patients with CVID were collected and massive sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was carried out using illumina technology. Results: Bacterial relative abundance was observed at all taxonomic levels. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were the predominant phyla. The Clostridia class and the Clostridial order were the most common in their respective taxon; the Ruminococcaceae family predominated. A total of 166 genera were reported, with the most abundant being Faecalibacterium. Five species were identified, but only Bifidobacterium longum was present in all patients. Conclusions: Unlike healthy subjects' gut microbiota, where Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes predominate, the microbiota of the patients with CVID considered in this study was abundant in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. The low presence of Bacteroidetes and high abundance of Firmicutes might indicate the existence of intestinal dysbiosis in these patients.

Clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A forty-year survey (1978-2018) and a brief review of the literature / Clostridioses diagnosticadas em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma pesquisa de quarenta anos (1978-2018) e breve revisão da literatura

Clostridial diseases are important causes of livestock losses in the southern Rio Grande do Sul. Since 1978 annual surveys conducted at the "Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico" of the "Universidade Federal de Pelotas" (LRD-UFPel) have shown that clostridial diseases represent 10.40% of the bacterial diseases diagnosed in cattle and 1.65% of all diseases diagnosis in cattle over a 40-year period. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspects of the clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from January 1978 to December 2018 at the LRD-UFPel in the hopes that it will constitute a useful guide for field veterinary practitioners and interested farmers. We assessed and review the necropsy protocols of 6,736 cattle; these necropsies were performed either by LRD-UFPel faculty or by field veterinary practitioners; 111 outbreaks (1.65%) were diagnosed as clostridial disease, distributed as follows: 35 outbreaks of tetanus, 34 of blackleg, 23 of bacillary hemoglobinuria, 11 of malignant edema (gas gangrene), and eight of botulism. Approximately 904, from a total of 42,480 cattle at risk, died in these outbreaks.(AU)

Clostridioses são doenças produzidas por alguma das espécies do gênero Clostridium e são importantes causas de perdas pecuárias no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisas anuais realizadas no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD-UFPel) desde 1978 demonstraram que as clostridioses representaram 11,1% das doenças bacterianas diagnosticadas em bovinos e 1,65% de todos os diagnósticos de doenças em bovinos ao longo de 40 anos. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar os aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e patológicos das clostridioses diagnosticadas de janeiro de 1978 a dezembro de 2018, pelo LRD/UFPel com a intenção de que esse trabalho possa servir de guia útil para os veterinários de campo e fazendeiros interessados. Foram avaliados e revisados os protocolos de necropsia de 6.736 bovinos; essas necropsias foram realizadas pelo pessoal do LRD/UFPel ou por veterinários de campo. Cento e quatro (1,16%) casos foram diagnosticados como clostridioses, distribuídos da seguinte forma: 35 surtos de tétano, 34 de carbúnculo sintomático, 23 de hemoglobinúria bacilar, 11 de edema maligno (gangrena gasosa) e oito de botulismo. Aproximadamente 904, de um total de 42.480 bovinos sob-risco, morreram nesses surtos.(AU)

Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for identification of Clostridium species isolated from Saudi Arabia

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify different Clostridium spp. isolated from currency notes from the Ha’il region of Saudi Arabia in September 2014 using MALDI–TOF-MS. Clostridium spp. were identified by Bruker MALDI–TOF-MS and compared with VITEK 2. The confirmation of the presence of different Clostridium spp. was performed by determining the sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. In this study, 144 Clostridium spp. were isolated. Among these specimens, MALDI–TOF-MS could identify 88.8% (128/144) of the isolates to the species level and 92.3% (133/144) to the genus level, whereas, VITEK 2 identified 77.7% of the (112/144) isolates. The correct identification of the 144 isolates was performed by sequence analysis of the 500 bp 16S rRNA gene. The most common Clostridium spp. identified were Clostridium perfringens (67.36%), Clostridium subterminale (14.58%), Clostridium sordellii (9%) and Clostridium sporogenes (9%). The results of this study demonstrate that MALDI–TOF-MS is a rapid, accurate and user friendly technique for the identification of Clostridium spp. Additionally, MALDI–TOF-MS has advantages over VITEK 2 in the identification of fastidious micro-organisms, such as Clostridium spp. Incorporating this technique into routine microbiology would lead to more successful and rapid identification of pathogenic and difficult to identify micro-organisms.

ELISA and modified toxin-binding inhibition test for quality control of the clostridial vaccine processes / ELISA direto e ToBI-test modificado para o controle de qualidade de processos de vacinas clostridiais

This study aimed to assess and standardize the ELISA and modified ToBI test in vitro methods in order to verify the potency of epsilon toxicoid in comparison with the in vivo TCP method. The following epsilon toxoids were used: NIBSC standard from batches 375/07, 532/08, 551/08, 373/07 and 378/07. These were evaluated using a TCP test, ELISA and ToBI tests. The results indicate that the correlation ratio between the dilutions of standard NIBSC toxicoid and absorbance values of 89.44% obtained with the ELISA method support the use of the curve to evaluate epsilon toxoids. However, it was observed that the absorbance values were similar for all toxoids, thus presenting no significant difference between higher and lower concentration toxoids. For the ToBI test, the correlation ratio of 96.76, obtained in the curve pattern, demonstrates the effectiveness of the curve to be used in the epsilon toxoid evaluation. The correlation ratio between the titration degrees of toxoids obtained through TCP and ToBI tests was higher than 90%. It is concluded that the type of ELISA test used does present discriminative power for toxoids with different concentrations, which does not support the use of this technique for such a purpose. The ToBI test can be used as a screening method for it is sensitive and effective to detect epsilon toxicoid produced by C. perfringens type D...

Teve-se por objetivo avaliar e padronizar as metodologias in vitro, ELISA e ToBI-test modificado, para a análise de toxoide épsilon, em comparação com a metodologia in vivo TCP. Foram utilizados os seguintes toxoides épsilon: padrão NIBSC e os lotes 375/07, 532/08, 551/08, 373/07 e 378/07, os quais foram avaliados por métodos in vivo, TCP, e in vitro, ELISA e ToBI-test. A análise do título de toxoide épsilon por meio dos métodos in vitro foi realizada a partir de uma curva-padrão, estabelecida previamente. Os principais resultados mostram que os valores de absorbância foram semelhantes para todos os toxoides, não apresentando diferença significativa entre os toxoides mais concentrados e menos concentrados. No ToBI-test, o coeficiente de correlação de 96,76%, obtido na curva-padrão, demonstra a eficiência da curva para avaliação do toxoide épsilon. O coeficiente de correlação entre os títulos de toxoide obtidos pelo TCP e ToBI-test foi superior a 90%. Conclui-se que o tipo de ELISA utilizado não apresenta poder discriminativo para toxoides com diferentes concentrações, inviabilizando a técnica para esse fim. O ToBI-test pode ser utilizado como um método de triagem sensível e eficaz para a detecção de toxoide épsilon de C. perfringens tipo D...

Acute myonecrosis in horse caused by Clostridium novyi type A

The objective of this study was to describe the first report involving a case of equine acute myonecrosis caused by C. novyi type A with an emphasis on clinical signs, the pathological and bacteriological analysis, and molecular identification of the microorganisms as the key of the definitive diagnosis.

Liver Abscess in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Sorafenib Treatment / 대한소화기학회지

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a critical global health issue and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The majority of patients who present HCC are already at an advanced stage and their tumors are unresectable. Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway and was recently introduced as a therapy for advanced HCC. Furthermore, studies have shown that oral sorafenib has beneficial effects on survival. However, many patients experience diverse side effects, and some of these are severe. Liver abscess development has not been previously documented to be associated with sorafenib administration in HCC. Here, we report the case of a HCC patient that developed a liver abscess while being treated with sorafenib.

A Case of Clostridium Liver Abscess with Sepsis / 대한소화기학회지

Clostridial septicemia usually occurrs in patients with immunocompromised diseases such as diabetes and malignancy. Clostridial liver abscess is very rare but highly fatal. We experienced a case of Clostridial septicemia due to liver abscess in a 73-year-old man. He was presented with fever and chills. On admission, abdominal CT scan showed about 35 mm sized hypoattenuated lesion with multiple central air-bubbles. After the diagnosis of liver abscess, the patient underwent prompt empirical antimicrobial therapy and percutaneous drainage. In spite of early therapy, the patient had gone into shock and death.

Establishment of the bacterial fecal community during the first month of life in Brazilian newborns

OBJECTIVE: The establishment of the intestinal microbiota in newborns is a critical period with possible long-term consequences for human health. In this research, the development of the fecal microbiota of a group of exclusively breastfed neonates living in low socio-economic conditions in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, during the first month of life, was studied. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from ten neonates on the second, seventh, and 30th days after birth. One of the neonates underwent antibiotic therapy. Molecular techniques were used for analysis; DNA was extracted from the samples, and 16S rRNA libraries were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed after construction. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on the samples taken from the 30th day to amplify DNA from Bifidobacterium sp. RESULTS: The primary phylogenetic groups identified in the samples were Escherichia and Clostridium. Staphylococcus was identified at a low rate. Bifidobacterium sp. was detected in all of the samples collected on the 30th day. In the child who received antibiotics, a reduction in anaerobes and Escherichia, which was associated with an overgrowth of Klebsiella, was observed throughout the experimental period. CONCLUSION: The observed pattern of Escherichia predominance and reduced Staphylococcus colonization is in contrast with the patterns observed in neonates living in developed countries.

Mionecroses clostridiais bovinas / Bovine clostridial myonecrosis

As mionecroses são enfermidades altamente fatais, representadas pelo carbúnculo sintomático e edema maligno. Com o objetivo de determinar a ocorrência dos diferentes clostrídios envolvidos nas mionecroses em bovinos no Brasil, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo a partir de 30 casos suspeitos de carbúnculo sintomático e edema maligno. Empregou-se a técnica de estreptavidina biotina peroxidase em tecidos de bovinos fixados em formol e incluídos em parafina de arquivos de patologia de diferentes estados do país. Foram detectados 21 Clostridium chauvoei (70%), cincoClostridium septicum(17%), seguidos de doisC. chauvoeiassociado aoC. septicum (7%), um C. chauvoei mais Clostridium sordellii (3%) e um C. chauvoei mais Clostridium novyi tipo A (3%). Este é o primeiro diagnóstico de C. novyi tipo A no Brasil, e o primeiro relato da ocorrência de C. chauvoei associado à lesão no miocárdio. Os achados da maior ocorrência de C. chauvoei e C. septicum corroboram com estudos anteriores no país. Estes dados sobre a ocorrência dos agentes responsáveis pelas mionecroses em diferentes estados do país são de extrema importância frente às decisões relativas ao controle dessas enfermidades.

Clostridial myonecroses are highly fatal diseases, characterized by black leg and malignant oedema. In order to determine the occurrence of the different agents involved in Brazilian clostridial myonecrosis, a retrospective study was conducted concerning 30 suspected cases of blackleg and gas gangrene using a streptavidin-biotin peroxidase technique in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of cattle from the archives of pathology of different states of Brazil. The clostridia predominantly detected wereClostridium chauvoei(70%), followed by Clostridium septicum (5 cases or 17%), C. chauvoei plus C. septicum (2 cases or 7%), C. chauvoei plus Clostridium sordellii (1 case or 3%), C. chauvoei plus Clostridium novyi type A (1 case or 3%). This is the first diagnosis of C. novyi type A in Brazil. The findings of the higher occurrence of C. chauvoei and C. septicum concur with previous works in Brazil. This article also includes the first report in Brazil of the occurrence of C. chauvoei associated with a lesion in the myocardium. Thus, this study supplies important data about the occurrence of the agents responsible for clostridial myonecrosis in different states of Brazil, these data being important for decisions relative to control of these diseases.

Immunohistochemical detection of Clostridia species in paraffin-embedded tissues of experimentally inoculated guinea pigs

O carbúnculo sintomático é causado pelo Clostridium chauvoei, enquanto o edema maligno é causado pelo C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii, C. perfringens tipo A, e/ou C. novyi tipo A. Corpos policlonais anti-C. chauvoei, anti-C. septicum, anti-C. sordellii and anti-C.novyi tipo A foram produzidos em coelhos e purificados em uma coluna de DEAE-celulose. Alíquotas das imunoglobulinas foram conjugadas com isotiocianato de fluoresceína e o restante foi usado na técnica de streptavidina biotina peroxidase (SBP). SBP foi padronizada para detectar C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii e C. novyi tipo A em tecidos de cobaias fixados em formol e incluídos em parafina. A mesma foi comparada com a técnica de imunofluorescência direta (IFD). Secções e impressões do músculo da área de inoculação, coração, fígado, baço e rim, foram obtidas para ambas as técnicas. Nenhuma reação cruzada foi observada quando tecidos inoculados com outras espécies de Clostridia foram tratadas com esses quatro anticorpos primários. C. chauvoei e C. septicum foram detectados em todos os espécimes provenientes dos animais inoculados com esses microrganismos, enquanto somente secções de músculo obtidas de todos os animais inoculados com C. sordellii e C. novyi tipo A foram positivas. Os mesmos resultados observados pela técnica de SBP, foram obtidos em impressões de tecidos desses microrganismos corados pela IFD. Os resultados indicam que a técnica de SBP permite a detecção de C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. sordellii e C. novyi tipo A em tecidos de cobaias fixados em formol e incluídos em parafina.

Inoculantes bacterianos na ensilagem do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpurem, Schum) / Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpurem, Schum) silage under effect of bacterial inoculants

Estudou-se os efeitos de 3 inoculantes biológicos na ensilagem do capim-elefante, cultivar Napier, em silos de laboratório (baldes plásticos de 5 litros, portando válvula para escape dos gases). O capim sofreu corte de uniformização e adubação, sendo cortado 60 dias após, quando apresentou 14,5 por cento de matéria seca e 9,7 por cento de proteína bruta, tendo sido picado em partículas de 2,0 cm e submetido a quatro tratamentos: controle (C); inoculante Sil-All (SA), produto a base de Streptococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus plantarum, amilase, celulase e hemicelulase; inoculante Pioneer 1174 (P), produto a base de Streptococcus faecium e Lactobacillus plantarum; e inoculante SiloBac (SB), produto a base de e Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecium e Lactobacillus sp. Os silos foram abertos após 123 dias para determinar o perfil de fermentação, perdas e digestibilidade 'in vitro' da matéria seca. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto ao teor de nitrogênio amoniacal, ácido lático, ácido acético, ácido butírico, perdas e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. No entanto, o pH de SB foi menor do que SA e C. O maior pH observado foi o da silagem C.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of bacterial inoculated king grass for silage production with laboratory silos ( 5 liters plastics buclets with valve for gas scape). The elephantgrass was cutted for uniformization and adubation and after 60 days (14, percent DM and 9,7 percent PB) was cutted and sliced at 2cm lenght particle and the treatments were: control (C), Sil-All (SA) inoculant (Streptococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus plantarum, amylase, cellulase e hemicellulase).; Pioneer 1174 (P) inoculant (Streptococcus faecium e Lactobacillus plantarum) SiloBac (SB) inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecium e Lactobacillus sp. ). After 123 of fermentation, the silos were opened and was the fermentation was characterized and determined dry matter losses and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Amoniacal nitrogen, lactic acid, acetic acid, butiric acid, dry matter losses and in vitro dry matter digestibility did not suffer influence of treatments. C and SA treatments produced silagens with higher pH.

Construcción y evaluación de una jarra económica para anaerobiosis / Construction and evaluation of an economic jar for anerobiosis

El cultivo de bacterias anaerobias en nuestras clínicas es una tarea fuera del alcance de la mayoría de los laboratorios clínicos de países en desarrollo, debido al alto costo de los implementos básicos utilizados, como lo es la jarra de anaerobios que cuesta alrededor de unos $500. Con la meta de proveer una alternativa de bajo costo para este problema se construyó y evaluó una jarra para anaerobiosis de bajo costo, empleando secciones de tubo plástico polivinil carbamato (PVC) y con una tapa transparente de plástico acrílico. La jarra construida fue evaluada en paralelo con una jarra comercial (BBL), usando sobres GasPak en ambas para generar la atmósfera anaerobia. Para evaluar la eficiencia se hicieron diluciones decimales del la cepa Clostridium Botulinum (ATCC 1949), Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955) y de las colecciones de cepas de Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium histolyticum y Clostridium novyi de la Bacterioteca de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), se inocularon en placas de agar sangre. Además, se inocularon placas de agar sangre con Clostridium tetani en ambos tipos de jarras para observar el tipo de "swarming". En ambas jarras se recuperó un número similar de Unidades Formadoras de Colonias por mililitro (UFC/ml) de cada cepa. También el tipo de "swarming" de C. Tetani fue idéntico. La jarra prototipo tiene un costo de aproximadamente el 5 por ciento de la jarra comercial en este estudio. (Rev Cost Cienc Med 1999; 20(3,4): 175-181 Palabras claves: Anaerobiosis, jarra para anaerobiosis, clostridios

Clostridia, enterobacteriaceae, enterococci and its relation to biogenic amines content in Egyptian marketed ras cheese

In this study, 40 samples of Ras cheese were collected and examined for the incidence of Clostridia, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci species and detecting their biogenic amines content. 130 isolates were identified and examined for the histamine production. The average count of Clostridia, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci were 6 x 102, 7.8 x 102 and 4.4 x 105 CFU/g, respectively. Tyramine, histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tryptamine and phenylethylamine were detected in 57.5, 100, 42.5, 45, 7.5 and 60% of the examined samples, respectively. Tyramine was observed in most of the cheese samples contaminated with large counts of Streptococcus faecalis [>105 CFU/g]. 25% of the samples contained over 10 mg histamine/100 g cheese. The research discussed the relation between the incidence of Clostridia, Enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae species and the presence of some biogenic amines in Egyptian Ras cheese

Changing anaerobic spectrum in suppurative lung disease: a case report.

A spectrum of three different anaerobes were isolated from a debilitated patient with suppurative lung disease, within a two-year period. Repeated isolation from three consecutive samples and symptomatic relief with metronidazole provide clinical evidence of anaerobic lung infection. This case emphasizes the importance of anaerobic culture in cases of protracted pulmonary suppurative disease.

Enteropatógenos como agentes de etiologia clínica humana / Enteropathogens as etiologic agents of clinical syndromes

Säo abordados os principais agentes etiológicos da gastroenterite humana, assim como o diagnóstico microbiológico de cada agente

Studies on the anaerobic sporiferous in surface water in Egypt

A total of 60 surface water samples were collected from different surface water sources in Egypt. The mean total anaerobic count 255 4 out of 21 strains of clostridia isolated, 13 proved to be Cl. perfringens [21.06%], 4 each of Cl. tetani and Cl. septicum [6.3%]

Bacteriología biliar y sistémica en las colangitis agudas sépticas / Biliary and systemic bacteriology in acute septic cholangitis

Se efectuó un estudio prospectivo sobre 31 casos de "genuinas" colangitis agudas sépticas con la finalidad de establecer 1) frecuencia de bili y hemocultivos positivos para germenes aeróbicos y anaeróbicos; 2) bacterias presentes en los bili y hemocultivos; 3) establecer cual es la antibioticoterapia racional "según el foco" 4) determinar se existe una relación entre la mortalidad y la presencia de un gérmen o la asociación de ellos, la existencia de hemocultivos positivos, el número de sistemas fisiológicos mayores afectados o la etiología en causa o ambos. 100 por ciento de los bilicultivos y 54 por ciento de los hemocultivos fueron positivos. Los gérmenes predominantes fueron las bacterias aeróbicas Gram negativos. Anaeróbicos fueron constatados en 13,6 por ciento y Enterococo en 8,5 por ciento. No se debería renunciar a efectuar hemocultivos aún cuando los dos primeros fueran negativos. Es recomendable realizar los hemocultivos durante un "chucho de frío solemne" (bacteriemia). Una antibioticoterapia racional de inicio "según el foco" debería cubrir a las bacterias aeróbicas y anaeróbicas identificadas. No se demostró que un germen o una asociación de ellos, así como la presencia de hemocultivos positivos influyeran en la mortalidad. Sin embargo, el número de sistemas fisiológicos mayores afectados es un factor determinante en el pronóstico de las colangitis agudas sépticas, así como la etiología tumoral